2. Kim EH, Kim HJ, Lee SJ. Evaluation of obesity and metabolic syndrome risk factors in university students. J. Korea Acad. Ind. Coop. Soc. 2011; 12(6):2531–2537.
3. Kang DY, Kim YH, Lee JH, et al. Estimation of socio-economic costs of obesity among Korean adults. Health Soc. Welf. Rev. 2019; 39(1):81–105.
4. Kim JS, Cho KM. Exploring the role of personal trainers. Korean J. Phys. Educ. 2011; 50(5):313–324.
8. Helgerud J, Høydal K, Wang E, et al. Aerobic high-intensity intervals improve VO
2max more than moderate training. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2007; 39(4):665–671.
9. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 10th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2018.
10. Kim JY. A study on the intention to use mobile healthcare services in the untact era. J. Inf. Syst. 2020; 29(4):117–142.
11. Warburton DE, Bredin SS, Jamnik VK, Gledhill N. The physical activity readiness questionnaire for everyone (PAR-Q+) and electronic physical activity readiness medical examination (ePARmed-X+). Health Fit. J. Can. 2015; 8(4):4–23.
12. Laranjo L, Dunn AG, Tong HL, et al. The effectiveness of smartphone apps and wearable devices in promoting physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br. J. Sports Med. 2021; 55(8):422–431.
13. Bond DS, Thomas JG, Raynor HA, et al. Effectiveness of a smartphone application to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in low-active adults. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2014; 2(4):e52.
14. Mateo GF, Granado-Font E, Ferré-Grau C, et al. Mobile phone apps to promote weight loss and increase physical activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Med. Internet Res. 2015; 17(11):e263.
15. Taylor JL, Holland DJ, Spathis JG, et al. Guidelines for the delivery and monitoring of high-intensity interval training in clinical populations. Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2019; 62(2):140–146.
16. Kim JH, Kim JS. The effects of smartphone app-based exercise program on body composition and cardiorespiratory fitness in university students. J. Korea Soc. Sport Sci. 2021; 30(1):869–877.
17. Kim YS, Kim HS. Effects of a physical activity promotion program using a smartphone application on physical activity and self-efficacy in university students. J. Korean Acad. Soc. Nurs. Educ. 2016; 22(4):426–435.
18. Thorne R, Elasmar R, Brown WJ, Coombes JS, Burton NW. The effectiveness of a smartphone app and personalized coaching intervention on cardiorespiratory fitness in sedentary adults: a randomized controlled trial. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020; 22(4):e17300.
19. American College of Sports Medicine. ACSM’s guidelines for exercise testing and prescription. 11th ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2021.
20. Thomas S, Reading J, Shephard RJ. Revision of the physical activity readiness questionnaire (PAR-Q). Can. J. Sport Sci. 1992; 17(4):338–345.
22. Wen D, Utesch T, Wu J, et al. Effects of different protocols of high intensity interval training for VO
2max improvement in adults: a meta-analysis. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 2019; 22(8):941–947.
23. Mead WF. Maximal exercise testing—Bruce protocol. J. Fam. Pract. 1979; 9(3):479–490.
24. Cooper KH. A means of assessing maximal oxygen intake: correlation between field and treadmill testing. JAMA. 1968; 203(3):201–204.
25. McAuley E, Gill DL. Reliability and validity of the physical self-efficacy scale in a competitive sport setting. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 1989; 11(2):230–243.
26. Ryckman RM, Robbins MA, Thornton B, Cantrell P. Development and validation of the physical self-efficacy scale. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1982; 42(5):891–900.
27. Steinhardt MA, Dishman RK. Reliability and validity of expected outcomes and barriers for habitual physical activity. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 1989; 42(8):783–792.
28. Kendzierski D, DeCarlo KJ. Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two validation studies. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 1991; 13(1):50–64.
29. Scanlan TK, Carpenter PJ, Schmidt GW, Simons JP, Keeler B. An introduction to the sport commitment model. J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 1993; 15(1):1–15.
30. Wilson PM, Rodgers WM, Carpenter PJ, Hall C, Hardy J, Fraser SN. The relationship between sport commitment and exercise behavior. J. Appl. Sport Psychol. 2004; 16(2):169–183.
31. IPAQ Research Committee. Guidelines for data processing and analysis of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)—short and long forms.
http://www.ipaq.ki.se/scoring.pdf. 2005; [cited 2025 Jun 9].
33. Martin H, Han W, Eleanor M. Accurate monitoring of human physical activity levels for medical diagnosis and monitoring using off-the-shelf cellular handsets. London: Springer-Verlag; 2010.
34. Carey DG. Quantifying differences in the “fat burning” zone and the aerobic zone: implications for training. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2009; 23(7):2090–2095.
35. Willis EA, Herrmann SD, Donnelly JE, et al. Minimal versus umbilical changes in body composition with exercise training in obese women. J. Obes. 2012; 2012:474312.
37. Vissers D, Hens W, Taeymans J, et al. Effect of long-term exercise training on physical fitness and body composition in overweight adults. Clin. Nutr. 2013; 32(6):1031–1038.
38. Harries SK, Lubans DR, Callister R. Effectiveness of a smartphone application to improve cardiorespiratory fitness in low-active adults: a randomised controlled trial. J. Sports Sci. 2016; 34(10):967–975.
39. Shephard RJ. Tests of maximal oxygen uptake. Sports Med. 1984; 1(2):99–124.
41. Jeong KJ, Park SI. Analysis of factors affecting the continuous intention to use mobile healthcare applications. Korean J. Sport Sci. 2019; 28(3):1163–1174.
42. Schmidt RA, Lee TD. Motor control and learning: a behavioral emphasis. 5th ed. Champaign: Human Kinetics; 2011.
44. McAuley E, Courneya KS, Lettunich J. Exercise participation and self-efficacy: objective and subjective determinants of maintenance. J. Behav. Med. 1991; 14(3):277–292.
46. Anderson ES, Wojcik JR, Winett RA, et al. Social cognitive determinants of physical activity: the role of social support, self-efficacy, and outcome expectations. Health Psychol. 2006; 25(6):657–664.
47. Rapp A, Cena F. Self-monitoring technology for chronic diseases: a systematic review. Comput. Human Behav. 2016; 65:142–159.
48. Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Hoffman JR, et al. Self-selected resistance training intensity in healthy women: the influence of a personal trainer. J. Strength Cond. Res. 2008; 22(1):103–111.
49. Mazzetti SA, Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, et al. The influence of direct supervision of resistance training on strength performance. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 2000; 32(6):1175–1184.
50. Ekkekakis P, Petruzzello SJ. Acute psychophysiological responses to exercise: is intensity a determiner? Sports Med. 1999; 28(5):337–374.